A 2024 study by Alex Glynn, “Suspected Undeclared Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Academic Literature,” analyzed the first 768 collected examples of published works bearing the idiosyncratic verbiage of large-language-model chatbots, evidence of undeclared AI use. It found the problem “widespread, penetrating the journals, conference proceedings, and textbooks of highly respected publishers,” and noted that undeclared AI text appeared disproportionately in journals “with higher citation metrics and higher article processing charges.” The author cautioned that the 768 detectable cases “likely represent a small fraction” of the true total, since most machine-generated text leaves no obvious tell.