The model card, now a standard piece of documentation released alongside many AI models, was proposed in the paper “Model Cards for Model Reporting,” first posted in 2018 and presented at the 2019 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. It was led by Margaret Mitchell, with co-authors including Timnit Gebru. The paper defines model cards as “short documents accompanying trained machine learning models that provide benchmarked evaluation in a variety of conditions, such as across different cultural, demographic, or phenotypic groups,” so that users can see where a model works well and where it does not.