In a November 1957 address published in Operations Research in 1958 (“Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research”), Herbert Simon and Allen Newell predicted “that within ten years a digital computer will be the world’s chess champion, unless the rules bar it from competition.” The prediction missed by three decades: a computer first beat the reigning world chess champion when IBM’s Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997, forty years after the forecast.